Preliminary
Primary courses Cultural Studies (CSA) is one of the courses that talk about values, about the culture of the various problems faced by humans in everyday life. It is hoped this course can become a kind of lingua franca or common language for scholars from various scientific fields. By having a similar provision is expected that the academics can be more smooth communication. The smooth communication will further expedite the development process in various fields addressed by scholars from various fields of expertise.
By getting the courses students are expected natinya CSA has sufficient background knowledge about the vast kebudaaan Indonesia in general and lead to further interest in depth, so that students are expected to support and develop its own culture with the creative. One of the important nature of this course is that the CSA is not the lesson of literature, not philosophy, it's not a stand-alone discipline. As the name implies Cultural Studies Association, the study provides only the basics are strong enough to students to find relationships between all aspects of culture in business relationships that continue to seek truth, beauty, freedom, in various forms, as well as its relationship with the universe, God, society and also the discovery of himself. In short he felt in finding a more meaningful life. It certainly involves moral attitude which is expected to equip students with a broad experience that will guide him toward the unified formation sizes, tastes and values by not relying on others.So in short it can be said that after getting this course students are expected to memeperlihatkan, interests and habits investigate what is happening around them and the outside environment, explore what it does and why.Awareness of the patterns of use within the embrace of and how the relationship of these values by way of daily lifeWillingness to rethink the open heart espoused values to determine whether he is a stand-alone can justify these values for himselfMoral courage to defend the values that she felt she could have received with great responsibility and instead reject the values that do not justify.CSA gave the background than to see the cultural context of Indonesia is also in accordance with a program of education in universities in order to graduate menyempurkan formation.Higher education is expected to produce graduates who have knowledge of a set consisting of:A. Academic ability; is the ability to communicate scientifically, whether oral or written, analytical control equipment, and think logically, critically, systematically, and analytical, conceptual ability to identify and formulate problems, and able to offer alternative solutions2. Professional ability; is the ability in the field of professional expertise is concerned. With this capability, experts are expected to have high knowledge and skills in the field of profession.3. Personal capabilities; is the ability of personality. With this capability experts are expected to have knowledge so as to demonstrate attitudes and behaviors, and actions that reflect the personality of Indonesia, understand and recognize the values of religious, civic, and state, as well as having a broad view and sensitivity to various problems encountered by the people of Indonesia.With its set of capabilities expected of college graduates proficient menjadai scholars, experts in the field who practiced and willing and able to devote his expertise to the public interestIndonesia and mankind in general.Basic understanding of HumanitiesSimply IBD is knowledge that is expected to provide basic knowledge and common understanding of the concepts diekembangkan to examine the problems of man and culture. The term IBD First Instance time in Indonesia was developed as a replacement for basic humanitiesm term derived from the English term "the Humanities". The humanities term itself comes from the Latin astinya humnus a man, cultured and refined. By studying the humanities th person will be presumed to be more humane, more civilized and more subtle. By studying the humanities person will be presumed to be more humane, more civilized and more subtle. Thus we can say that the humanities relating to human values as homo humanus or cultured human. In order for humans to be humanus, they must learn the science of the humanities in addition to other responsibilities does not leave the man himself.To know that the basic cultural knowledge, including knowledge of cultural groups need to know in advance the science of grouping. Prof Dr.Harsya Bactiar argued that science and knowledge are grouped into three major groups namely:a. Natural sciences (natural scince). Natural sciences, aims to find the regularity of order contained in the universe. To examine this use of scientific method. The trick is to determine the laws regarding the order-order it, then made an analysis to determine the quality. The analysis is then generalized. On this basis and made predictions. Results of the study 100 5 100 5 right and wrong.b. Social sciences (social scince). social sciences, aims to assess the regularity of order contained in the relationship between human beings. To examine this use of scientific method as a loan from the natural sciences. But the research results are not 100 5 right, just close to the truth. Why is the regularity in the relationship between humans initidak can change from moment to moment.c. Cultural knowledge (the humanities) aiming to understand and find the meaning of the realities of human nature. For this study used the method disclosure and kenyataankenyataanyang events are unique, and given meaning. Cultural knowledge (the humanities) is limited as the knowledge that includes expertise (disilpin) art and philosophy. Even this expertise can be subdivided into various hiding other skills, such as dance, visual art, music, etc.. While the basic cultural knowledge (Basic Humanities) is a business that is expected to provide basic knowledge and common understanding of the concepts developed to study human problems and culture. In other words CSA uses notions from different fields of cultural knowledge to develop insights into student thinking and sensitivity in assessing the problems of human and cultural issues.Different cultural knowledge base of cultural knowledge. Basic cultural knowledge in a language called basic Ingngris humanities. Knowledge of English culture in the study referred to as the humanities. Liberal artsexamine issues of human values as a civilized being (homo humanus). While the basic cultural knowledge rather than knowledge about the culture, but the basic knowledge and common understanding of the concepts developed for the study of human issues and culture.Basic objectives of HumanitiesPresentation of basic science subjects no other culture is a business that is expected to provide basic knowledge and common understanding of the concepts developed to study human problems and culture. Thus this course is not intended to educate experts in one area of expertise is included in the cultural knowledge (the humanities), but CSA solely as one effort to develop personality of students by expanding the horizons of thought and the ability to value kritikalnya -nlai culture, whether that involves other people and the natural surroundings, as well as concerning himself.To reach that goal CSA is expected to:A. Ensuring cultural sensitivity of students to the environment, so they are easier to adjust to new environments, especially for the sake of their profession. Provide an opportunity for students to broaden their views on issues kemansiaan and culture as well as develop their critical faculties on issues pertaining to both.2. Arranged for students, as future leaders and State bagnsa well as experts in their respective fields of discipline does not fall into the properties of regionalism and the fragmentation of strict discipline. Communication vehicle for scholars seeking to make them more able to engage in dialogue with one another. Denganmemiliki a similar provision, the academics are expected to be more fluent in communicating.Scope of the Cultural Studies AssociationStarting from this framework intended purpose, two main problems can be used as a material consideration for determining the scope of the study subjects CSA. The second main issue is:Various aspects of life which is entirely an expression of humanitarian and cultural issues that can be approximated by using the cultural knowledge (the humanities), both in terms of their expertise (disciplinary) knowledge in the culture, or in combination (between fields) the various disciplines within cultural knowledge. Human nature or a universal one, but the diverse cultural manifestations in each era and place.Appoint two principal problems that can be studied in the CSA subjects, it seems clear that human beings occupy a central position in the assessment. Humans are not just as objects of study. What about the human relationship with nature, with sesame, himself, human values and how well the relationship with the creator becomes the central theme in the CSA. Key points of discussion are developed are:A. Humans and love2. The beauty of the human and3. Human and Suffering4. Human and Justice5. The view of human life and6. Human and responsibility and devotion7. Human and anxiety8. Human and expectationsStudents can understand and appreciate the fact that various cultures and can be realized by reviewing all relationships between people and cultures, knowing human nature, know about all the elements of student culture can explain the elements that build a human.Special Instructional objectives:• Students can explain human hakekkat• Students can explain about the personality of the east• Students can be psycho-sociogram shows an outline of the human• Students can define the culture• Students may mention the 7 elements of universal culture• Students can name three-dimensional culture form according to its formHumanIn terms of the exact sciences, the human is a collection of atomic particles that form a network that is owned by the human system (chemistry). Humans are a collection of various physical systems are interlinked with each other and a collection of energy (physics). Human beings are biological creatures belonging to the class of mammals (biology). In the social sciences, human beings are creatures who seek to profit atu always account for any activity, often called homo economicus (economic sciences). Humans are social beings who can not stand alone (sociology), beings who always wanted to have power (politics). And so forth.A. Man is composed of four interrelated elements, namely:• The body, ie the human body that looks rough on the outside, can be touched, and photographed, and occupies space and time.• Hayat, ie contain elements of life, characterized by the motion• Spirit; the guidance and leadership of God, who works in a spiritual power and understanding the truth, an ability to create a conceptual bersift the center of the birth culture.• Breath; in the sense of self or ego, self-awareness tentan2. Man as a personality containing three elements, namely:• Id. Which is the most primitive personality structure and least visible. Id is a pure libido, or psychic energy that shows the natural traits of irrational and sex-related issues, which determine the instinctual unconscious processes. Id does not relate to the external environment itself, but related to other personality structures that in turn becomes the mediator between the instinctual Id with the outside world.• Ego. A part or structure was first distinguished personalities from the Id, often referred to as a personality "executive" for his role in connecting the Id energy into social channels that can be understood by others.• Superego. Personality structure is the most recent, emerging at about the age-year sentence. Compared with the Id and ego, which develops internally within the individual, the superego is formed from the external environment. So the superego showed a pattern of rules that generate a certain degree of self-control through a system of rewards and punishments are internalized.From the description above to examine aspects of human action by analyzing the relationship between action and human elements. Often such people love to drift towards the values of society can be identified that person is more controlled than the super-ego Id. Or sometimes there are abnormalities that occur in humans, for example, poor people are flawless and short stature able to appear to the public, can be explained with reference to the element of lust (self awareness) has. All of which can be used as a tool for the analysis of human behavior.Essence of Man:A. God's creatures yagn composed of body and spirit as one unified whole.2. Being the most perfect creation of God, when compared to other creatures denan.3. Sentient beings are biological biokultural use within culturally.4. Creation is God's creatures associated with the use within the environment, have the quality and dignity due to ability to work and work.Definition of CultureCulture is always shared by every community, it's just that there is a better community cultural development of the community to meet all the needs of society. Many cultural understanding proposed by the experts. One of them proposed by Selo Soemardjan and Soelaiman Soemardi, who theorized that culture is all the result of the work, a sense of community and creativity. Generating public works technology and material culture, that man needs to menguasa natural surroundings, so that the strength and the results can be devoted to kepntingan community.Sense that includes human souls manifest sega community norms and values that need to manage the problems of natural kemasarakatan broad sense., Therein including, religion, ideology, mysticism, and all unusr kenesenian which is the result of expression of the human soul. Who live as members of society. Selanjtunya copyright is mental ability, the ability of people who think the social life and which, among other produce as well as the philosophy of science. Taste and creativity called spiritual culture. All works, taste and copyrights held by initiative of the people who determine its usefulness, to fit the interests of somelarge, even the whole society. Of pengetian shows that culture is the whole epidermis of human knowledge as a social creature, which is used to interpret and understand the environment at hand, to meet all their needs and promote the establishment of human behavior is that the experts scrambled sendiri.Atassuggests the existence of cultural elements which are generally broken down into seven elements, namely:A. religious elements2. social system3. system equipment4. livelihood systems5. language system6. knowledge systems7. artBased tilah of this system then the culture has at least 3 form include:A. Form as a complex of ideas, ideas, norms, rules and the like. This is an ideal form of culture. Abstract nature, aa location in the public mind in which the culture of life.2. Culture as a complex activity patterns of human behavior in society.3. Culture as objects of human handiworkCultural change is essentially no change other than the people who live in a society that becomes the culture. Change is happening because humans make contact with other humans, orbecause the relationship between human groups in society. There is no static yanga culture, every culture has a dynamic of change, change: change is a result of changes in society that becomes the culture.Human and Love• Students can comprehend and understand about love, and its relation to human• Students can explain the meaning of love• Students can mention three elements of love• Students can name three levels of love• Students may mention the various forms of love• Students can explain the sense of affection• Students can explain the sense of intimacy• Students can explain the meaning of worship• Students can explain the sense of compassion• Mahasisswa to mention the ways of compassion shedDefinition of LoveAccording to the Indonesian general dictionary Poerwadarminta WJS work. Love is love (to) or (sense) sayagn (to). Love or feeling very or extremely interested in his heart while the word love means feelings of affection or love or pity. Thus the meaning of love and almost simultaneously, sehinggakata love strengthens the feeling of love. Because of that love can be defined as feeling like (saying) to someone with compassion.Understanding of the love expressed by Dr.. Sarlito.W.Sarwono. it is said that love has three elements, namely: attachment, intimacy, and romance .. The definition of entanglement is the feeling to just be with him, all the priority for him, did not want to go with anyone but him. Intimacy is the habits and behavior which shows that between you and him are no longer distance. Formal calls as father, mother, brother replaced by simply calling the name or designation saying. Namely a sense of intimacy fondling or caress, a sense of missed that much or not seen, the remarks expressed his affection.In the Koran was found that the phenomenon of love is hidden in the human soul. Love has three levels, namely high, medium and low. High level of love is the love of God, and strive in Allah's Apostle. Love is the intermediate level of love to parents, children, siblings, wife / husband and relatives. Love the love rendahaanya who prefer the love of family, relatives, property and residence.AffectionSaying love is a feeling, a feeling of love or the feeling of love to someone. In married life is the key to happiness sayaing love. This affection is the growth of love. The affection a conscious or unconscious of each party claimed responsibility, sacrifice, honesty, mutual trust, mutual understanding, mutual open, so they are rounded and complete unity. If one element is missing affection, such as age, responsibility, integrity retaklah the household.IntimacyIntimacy comes from the word intimate, which means that familiar feeling of sympathy. Intimacy is a close relationship between men and women who are already intoxicated by romance and marriage. Romance is essentially a manifestation of deep affection.CultThe cult is one manifestation of human love to God are embodied in the form of ritual communication.MercyIn the letter John explained there are three kinds of love. Agape love is the love of man to God. Philia love is in love with the mother's father (parents) and siblings. The third and erros or amor love this is love between men and women. The difference between love and eros amor is citna eros love as natural as a lakai men and women, whereas the amor love because of the difficult elements illogical, for example, normal girl who loves pretty and want to marry a young man who dwarfs. Terhdap love sesame is a blend of love agape and philia love. Love this fellow is given the term mercy to distinguish between the love of parents, men and women, love for God. In love with this fellow has been termed compassion, for love here because cakapnya open, rich, beautiful, but because of his suffering.Human and SufferingStudents can understand and appreciate the realities that exist in people's lives with various kinds of suffering, and because the influencethat there• Students can explain the meaning of suffering• Students can explain the definition of torture• Students may mention the nature of psychic torment 3• Students can explain the sense of mental confusion• Students can name a person experiencing symptoms of mental confusion• Students can name the stages of psychiatric disorders• Students may mention the causes of the onset of mental confusion• Students may mention the processes of mental confusion• Students may mention the causes of the onset of pain• Students may mention the effect that would happen to someone if sufferingUnderstanding SufferingSuffering comes from suffering. The word pain comes from the Sanskrit word meaning dhra withstand or endure. Means to bear the pain or feel something unpleasant. Suffering can be born suffering or mental or physical and spiritual. Including the reality of human suffering and the world. Pain intensity stratified, there is a heavy, some lighter. But individuals also determine the role of heavy-intensity or absence of suffering. Pristiwa considered a person's suffering by suffering is not necessarily for others. Can also be a pain is the energy to bounce back for someone, or as a first step to mencpai pleasure and happiness.Many cases there is suffering in life. Many kinds of cases in accordance with the suffering of human life likuliku. How people cope with suffering in his life? yagn physical suffering experienced by humans would have been solved by medical means to reduce or cure it, while penderitan psychic healing ability of the patient lies paa in solving psychic problems it faces.TortureTorture can be defined as torture or Jasman body, and can also be tortured soul or a spiritual one. As a result of torture suffered by a person, suffering arises. Use within its psychological torture can include: confusion, loneliness, fear. Exaggerated fears were unjustified called phobia.banyak because that makes a person feel fear, among others: claustrophobia and agoraphobia, nervous, scared, keakitan, failure. Psychologists tend to argue that the phobia is a symptom of a deep psychological problems, which must be found, faced, and conquered before phobianya will be lost. Instead of taking care experts believe that the behavior of a phobia is a problem and do not need to find the causes in order to get the care and treatment. Most experts agree that stress and tension caused by having the patient live in a state of constant fear, making the state the patient is ten times worse.Mental confusionMental anguish in the science of psychology known as mental confusion. In more simple mental disorder is a psychiatric disorder due to inability to deal with issues that must be overcome so that the relevant act is less reasonable. Onset of symptoms for someone who is experiencing mental confusionare:• It appears in the body that is often felt dizziness, shortness of breath, fever, pain in stomach• It appears on the mental anxiety, fear, heartbreak, apathy, jealousy, irritabilityStages of psychiatric disorders are:• psychiatric disorders appear on the symptoms of the patient's life and the spiritual one bais jasmana• efforts to defend themselves by way of negative• confusion is the point of fracture (mental breakdown) and have developed relevant disordersThe causes of the onset of mental confusion:a. Personality is weak due to physical or mental condition that is less than perfectb. T erjadinya socio-cultural conflictc. Inner maturation wrong way by providing an overreaction to social lifeThe process of mental confusion experienced by a person pushing it towards the positive and negative. Posotf; trauma experienced by people with a good answer sebgai business survey in order to stay alive, for example tahajut to pray, or engage in activities that positively after the fall of his life. Negative; diperlarutkan trauma experienced fustasi so concerned, namely the inner pressure due to failure to achieve what is desired. Fustasi forms include:A. Aggression in the form kamarahan overwhelming result of uncontrolled emotions and the physical cause of hypertension or easily occur sadistic action that could endanger the people around him.2. Regression is returning to the primitive pattern of behavior or childish.3. Fixation; is the placement of restrictions on the same pattern (fixed) for example, in silence.4. Projections; an attempt throwing or projecting weakness and their own attitudes are negative to others.5. Identification; is to identify with someone who is successful in his imagination.6. Narcissism; is the excessive love of self that is concerned feel themselves superior to others paa.7. Autism: is shut down completely from the real world, do not want to communicate with others, he was satisfied with her own fantasies can lead to the use within the crazy nature.Many are suffering mental confusion in an environment such as:A. cities - cities2. young children ages3. woman4. people who are not5. people who are pursuing the materialIf we simply grouped according to the causes of the onset of pain, the suffering human being can be itemized as follows:A. Suffering that can result from human misconduct2. Suffering arising due to illness, torture / punishment of GodPeople who are likely to have suffered a variety of influences and attitude in him. Attitudes that arise can be either positive attitude or negative attitude. Negative attitudes such as regret for not happy, the attitude of disappointment, despair or suicidal. Continuation of this negative attitude may arise anti for, say anti-marriage or not marry, do not have passion for life, and so forth. A positive attitude is the attitude of optimism to overcome the suffering, the suffering that life is not a series, but the struggle to free themselves from pain and suffering is just part of life. A positive attitude is usually creative, do not give up easily, even tough stance may arise or anti. For example, anti forced marriage, he fought against forced marriages, and deodorized.The beauty of the human andStudents can learn and understand about the beauty, contemplation, keserasihan and its relation to human in daily life• Students can explain the sense of beauty• Students can distinguish between beauty as an abstract quality and as a beautiful banda tertantu• Students can mention about the beauty of the broadest• Students can explain about the etetik• Students can distinguish between the extrinsic and intrinsic value• Students can explain the sense of contemplation and ekstansi• Students may mention the theories of reflectionBeautyThe word comes from the exquisite beauty, that is nice, scenic, beautiful, beautiful, comely, and so forth. Keidahan synonymous with truth. The beauty of truth and truth is beauty. Both have the same value, namely: the eternal, and has an ever-growing appeal. Which does not contain the truth does not mean beautiful.The beauty also is universal, meaning that is not bound by individual tastes, time and place, regionalism, fashion sense, regional or local.Is the beauty of That?Actually, it's difficult to say whether the beauty of it. The beauty of it is an abstract concept that can not be enjoyed because it is not clear. The beauty of it is new if it has been clearly linked to something tangible or a work. In other words it's beauty to be enjoyed if associated with a form. With the beauty of form to communicate. According to the coverage one must distinguish beauty as an abstract kualita and as a particular object is beautiful. For distinction in the English language often used the term "beuty" (beauty) and "the beautiful" (the objects or the beautiful). The limitation of philosophy, the two terms are sometimes confused-kaang only. In addition, there are also differences in the extent of the understanding; thea. beauty in the broad senseb. in terms of pure aesthetic beautyc. beauty in the sense of vision is limited in meaning toThe natural beauty of the broad sense is the original sense of the Greeks who also covered the good in it. Plato mentions such a wonderful character and a beautiful law, is Aristotle define beauty as something other than good fun too. Plotinus writes about the science of the beautiful, beautiful virtue. The Greeks used to talk also about the beautiful thoughts and beautiful indigenous customs. But the Greeks also know the meaning of aesthetic beauty in what he called "symetria" for the visual beauty for beauty and Harmonia by hearing. So the broadest sense of beauty include: the beauty of art, natural beauty, the beauty of the moral and intellectual beauty.Pure aesthetic beauty in the sense of the aesthetic experience of one's concerns in relation to everything that dicerapnya. Was more limited in the sense of beauty is collapsible so that only about objects that dicerapnya with vision, which is a beauty of form and color.Aesthetic value.In the framework of a general theory of value The gie Liang explained that the definition of beauty is regarded as one kind of value as ever moral values, economic values, the value of education and so on. The value associated with segaa something covered in the sense of beauty called aesthetic value. The value is a psychological relaitas clearly be distinguished from the usefulness, as there are in the human spirit and not the object itself. The value that the people believed in one thing terdapa until proven ketakbenarannya. On any value that distinguishes between the subjective and objective values. Or is there that distinguishes the individual and societal values. But the classification is important is the intrinsic value and extrinsic value. Extrinsic value is the good nature of an object as a tool or a means to something else (instrumental / contributory) the value is as a tool or aid. Intrinsic value is either the nature of the object in question, namely as something objective, or in the interest of the object itself. For example: Poems. Poetic form consisting of language, diction line, rhyme, rhythm, it is called extrinsic value, while the message to be conveyed to the reader through the (device object) is called the intrinsic value of poetry. Minakjonggo Damarwulan dance is extrinsic value, is the message to be conveyed by dance is good against evil is intrinsic value.What causes humans to create beauty?A. Values that have been deprecated2. Slump time3. Human Suffering4. Greatness of GodReflectionReflections derived from the thought-that is secretly thinking about something, or think of something to dalamdalam.Is the result of thoughtful reflection. In reflection to create art there are several theories, among others: the theory of disclosure, the theory of metaphysical and psychological theory.Disclosure theory.Argument of this theory is that the "arts is an expresition of human feeling" (art is an expression of human feelings) theory is primarily concerned with what is experienced by an artist when creating art. Character theory of expression is the most famous Italian philosopher Croce Benedeto (1886-1952), among others, he declared that "Art is the disclosure messages) expression is the same as the intuition, and intuition is pegnetahuan intuitive appreciation tentagn obtained through individual things that produces a chimera (images). Thus the disclosure that various tangible picture of fantasy images such as color, line and word. For someone disclosure means to create art in itself without the need for physical activity outside. Pengalamam aesthetic person is nothing but an expression of wishful thinking in the picture. A character is Leo Tolstoi another he insisted that art activities aalah rise in use within yourself a feeling someone has experienced it and then raise it later with a medium range of motion, line, color, sound and form that is expressed in words the feelings that people move people experiencing the same feelings.Theory of MetaphysicsBercotak metaphysical theory of art is one of the oldest examples of the theory, which is derived from Plato is karyakaryanya to discuss some of the aesthetic philosophy, the conception of the beauty of art theory. Regarding the source of Plato's art reveals a theory of imitation (imitation theory). This is consistent with the metaphysics of Plato who mendalikan the world of ideas in the highest tarat sebgai divine reality. Paa lower level there is the reality of this world which is a reflection of similar false and divine reality. And man-made art karyu is a mimemis (clone) of ralita worldly.Psychological TheoryExperts examine the aesthetic in the modern century theories of art from the point of the relationship of art and mind of its creator by using psychological methods. For example, based on psychoanalysis argued that the process of creating art is the fulfillment of unconscious desires of one artist. Being works of arttiu is a refined form of latent or manifest out of those desires. Another theory is the theory of games developed by Frederick Schiller (1757 -1805) and Herbert Spencer (1820 - 1903) according to Schiller, the origin of art is an inner urge to play around (play impulse) that exist in a person. Art is a kind of balance the whole game of human mental abilities associated with the excess energy that must be removed. In the theory of signification (signification theory) view art as a symbol or sign of human feeling.Human and JusticeStudents can understand and know about different kinds of justice, social justice, honesty, cheating and the fact that there is in life andrelation to human• Students can explain the sense of justice• Students can explain the meaning of justice• MahaMahasiswa can define which types of justice• Students can explain the sense of honesty• Students can explain the nature of honesty• Students can explain the sense of cheating• Students can cite the reasons people commit fraud• Students can cite a variety of calculations and retaliation• Students can explain the notion of a good name• Students may mention the nature of vindication• Students can explain the notion of retaliation• Students may mention the cause of retaliation• Students can write an example of retaliationDefinition of JusticeJustice according to Aristotle is proper in human action. Eligibility is defined as the midpoint between the two extremes of too much and too little. Both of these extremes involves two people or objects. When the two men have in common in a predetermined size, then each person should obtain the same object or result, if not equal, then the individual - each person will receive a part that is not the same, while the proportion terjadap violations are called unfair. Keaadilan by Plato projected on human beings that are said to be fair is the one who controls himself and his feelings are controlled by reason. Socrates project on the administration of justice. According to Socrates, justice will be created when citizens feel that the government has been doing a good job. Why are projected to the government? government is the principal cause that determines the dynamic leadership of the community. Confucius argues that justice occurs when a child as a child, when his father as a father, when the king as king, each of which has been carrying out its obligations. This opinion is limited to certain values that are believed or agreed upon. In the opinion of the more common it is said that justice is the recognition and the fate of the balance between the rights and obligations. Justice lies in the harmony of demanding their rights and obligations. Or in other words, justice is a state where everyone is getting what is rightfully his and everyone getting the same piece of property together.Various JusticeA. Justice legal or moral justicePlato argues that justice and the common law is the spiritual substance of the people who make and become unity. In a just society every person performing work according to its nature best suited to him (the man behind the gun). Plato's opinion called moral justice, while the others are called legal justice.2. Distributive justiceAristotele believes that justice will be done when the same things are treated equally and not things that are not treated the same as (justice is done when equels are treated equally).3. Commutative justiceJustice aims to maintain public order and welfare umum.Bagi Aristotelian sense of justice is a principle of coherence and order in society. All actions are patterned extremes make the injustice and damage or even destroy the coherence in the communityHonestyHonest or dishonest means anything that is said to someone according to his conscience, what is said to correspond to reality. Was the fact that it is the fact that there really exists. Honest also means someone clean his heart from the acts prohibited by religion and law. For that one word and deed is required, which means that what is said to be the same with his actions. Because it's honest means or ability to fulfill the promise attached through words or which are contained in the consciencea form of will, expectation and intention.FraudFraud or dishonesty or cheating is not synonymous with truth, and the same with the sly, though no similar right. Cheating or fraud that is what is wanted is not in accordance with conscience or days, that person is fraudulent intent of his heart was with the intention of obtaining profit without the energy and effort. Cheating causes people to be greedy, greedy, wanting to hoard excessive wealth in order to be regarded as the most powerful, most wealthy, and happy life when people around him suffer. Bermacammacam cause people to commit fraud. Judging from the human relationship with the natural surroundings, there are four aspects: economic aspects, cultural aspects, and aspects of the technical aspects of civilization. If the fourth asepk implemented fairly, then everything will go according to the norms of moral or legal norms. However, whenman in her life has encroached on greed, envy, jealousy, then humans would do anything in violation of these norms and be a fraud.VindicationA good name is the ultimate goal of life. A good name is a name that is not dishonorable. Everyone menajaga carefully to his name either. The more so if he becomes a role model for people / neighbors nearby is a pride of mind is priceless. Maintenance of a good name is closely connected with the behavior or actions. Or can be said good or not good bama is the behavior or actions. The meaning of the behavior and actions that, among other ways-language, how to get along, courtesy, self-discipline, how to deal with people, the lawful acts of religion and so forth. In effect the vindication of human consciousness is the fault of all, that what they did not fit the size of a moral or not in accordance with good ahlak. To restore the good name of the man must repent or apologize. Repent and apologize not only dibibir, but need to behave like a polite, friendly, do Dharma by giving kepaa virtue and help others that need to be helped to live lovingly, without pamrin, piety towards God and has a willing attitude, tawakal, honest, fair and nobility always cultivated.RetaliationVengeance is a reaction to the acts of others. The reaction was similar to a deed, deed of a balanced, similar behavior, the behavior of the balance. Retaliation due to the association. Friendly association received a friendly reply. Instead yagn association raises suspicion that children are not friendly. Basically, humans are moral beings and social beings. In associating humans must comply with the norms to make it moral. When humans do immoral, environment was causing it. Is intrinsically immoral acts that violate or rape of human rights and duties. Therefore man does not want the rights and obligations are violated or raped, the man tried to defend the rights and obligations. Maintain the rights and obligations it is retaliation.Human and JusticeStudents can understand and know about different kinds of justice, social justice, honesty, cheating and the fact that there is in life and its relation to human• Students can explain the sense of justice• Students can explain the meaning of justice• Students can cite all kinds of justice• Students can explain the sense of honesty• Students can explain the nature of honesty• Students can explain the sense of cheating• Students can cite the reasons people commit fraud• Students can cite a variety of calculations and retaliation• Students can explain the notion of a good name• Students may mention the nature of vindication• Students can explain the notion of retaliation• Students may mention the cause of retaliation• Students can write an example of retaliationDefinition of JusticeJustice according to Aristotle is proper in human action. Eligibility is defined as the midpoint between the two extremes of too much and too little. Both of these extremes involves two people or objects. When the two men have in common in a predetermined size, then each person should obtain the same object or result, if not equal, then the individual - each person will receive a part that is not the same, while the proportion terjadap violations are called unfair. Keaadilan by Plato projected on human beings that are said to be fair is the one who controls himself and his feelings are controlled by reason. Socrates project on the administration of justice. According to Socrates, justice will be created when citizens feel that the government has been doing a good job. Why are projected to the government? government is the principal cause that determines the dynamic leadership of the community. Confucius argues that justice occurs when a child as a child, when his father as a father, when the king as king, each of which has been carrying out its obligations. This opinion is limited to certain values that are believed or agreed upon. In the opinion of the more common it is said that justice is the recognition and the fate of the balance between the rights and obligations. Justice lies in the harmony of demanding their rights and obligations. Or in other words, justice is a state where everyone is getting what is rightfully his and everyone getting the same piece of property together.Various Justice4. Justice legal or moral justice Plato argues that justice and the common law is the spiritual substance of the people who make and become unity. In a just society every person performing work according to its nature best suited to him (the man behind the gun). Plato's opinion called moral justice, while the others are called legal justice5. Aristotele distributive justice argue that justice will be done when the same things are treated equally and not things that are not treated the same as (justice is done when equels are treated equally).6. Commutative justice Justice aims to maintain public order and welfare umum.Bagi Aristotle's notion of justice is a principle of coherence and order in society. All actions are patterned extremes make the injustice and damage or even destroy the coherence in the communityHonestyHonest or dishonest means anything that is said to someone according to his conscience, what is said to correspond to reality. Was the fact that it is the fact that there really exists. Honest also means someone clean his heart from the acts prohibited by religion and law. For that one word and deed is required, which means that what is said to be the same with his actions. Because it's honest means or ability to fulfill the promise attached through words or which are contained in the form of conscience will, expectations and intentions.FraudFraud or dishonesty or cheating is not synonymous with truth, and the same with the sly, though no similar right. Cheating or fraud that is what is wanted is not in accordance with conscience or days, that person is fraudulent intent of his heart was with the intention of obtaining profit without the energy and effort. Cheating causes people to be greedy, greedy, wanting to hoard excessive wealth in order to be regarded as the most powerful, most wealthy, and happy life when people around him suffer. Bermacammacamcause people to commit fraud. Judging from the human relationship with the natural surroundings, there are four aspects: economic aspects, cultural aspects, and aspects of the technical aspects of civilization. If the fourth asepk implemented fairly, then everything will go according to the norms of moral or legal norms. However, whenman in her life has encroached on greed, envy, jealousy, then humans would do anything in violation of these norms and be a fraud.VindicationA good name is the ultimate goal of life. A good name is a name that is not dishonorable. Everyone menajaga carefully to his name either. The more so if he becomes a role model for people / neighbors nearby is a pride of mind is priceless. Maintenance of a good name is closely connected with the behavior or actions. Or can be said good or not good bama is the behavior or actions. The meaning of the behavior and actions that, among other ways-language, how to get along, courtesy, self-discipline, how to deal with people, perbuatn lawful acts of religion and so forth. In effect the vindication of human consciousness is the fault of all, that what they did not fit the size of a moral or not in accordance with good ahlak. To restore the good name of the man must repent or apologize. Repent and apologize for notdibibir only, but should behave polite, friendly, do Dharma by giving kepaa virtue and help others that need to be helped to live lovingly, without pamrin, piety towards God and has a willing attitude, tawakal, honest, fair and nobility always fostered.RetaliationVengeance is a reaction to the acts of others. The reaction was similar to a deed, deed of a balanced, similar behavior, the behavior of the balance. Retaliation due to the association. Friendly association received a friendly reply. Instead yagn association raises suspicion that children are not friendly. Basically, humans are moral beings and social beings. In associating humans must comply with the norms to make it moral. When humans do immoral, environment was causing it. Is intrinsically immoral acts that violate or rape of human rights and duties. Therefore man does not want the rights and obligations are violated or raped, the man tried to defend the rights and obligations. Maintain the rights and obligations it is retaliation.Human Life and viewsMahsiswa can grasp and understand the philosophy of life, ideals, virtues, beliefs, effort or struggle, step-by-step view of life and its relation to human in his lifeSense view of life and ideology:• Students can explain the sense view of life• Students can cite a variety of sources worldview• Students can explain the Muslim view of life• Students can explain the notion of ideology• Students can explain the notion of the ideal• Students can explain the notion of virtue• Students can explain the meaning of virtue• Students can cite the factors that determine a person's behavior• Students can explain the sense of effort / struggle• Students can name three schools of philosophy• Students can explain the sense of confidence or trust• Students may mention the steps of the view that a good lifeSense view of lifeEvery human being has a way of life. View of life that is natural because it determines one's future. Opinion or view of life means to hold on judgment, guidelines, directives, instructions living in the world. Opinion or judgment that is the result of human thinking is based on the experience of history according to time and place of his life. Thus arose the view that life is not immediately or within a short time only, but through a process of time and continuously, so the ideas can be tested in reality. The ideas would be accepted by the mind, so that recognized the truth. On the basis of the ideas that people receive it as a handle, guidelines, directives, or instructions called outlook on life. View of life based on the origin and consists of three kinds:A. View of life which comes from the religious view of life is the absolute truth2. View of life in the form of ideology that are tailored to the culture and norms contained in a State3. Reflections worldview that is relatively true view of life.If the world view was accepted by a group of people as supporters of an organization, then it is called ideology panandangan life. Outlook on life has basically elements are: the ideals, virtues, business, faith / belief. Ideals is what is desired may be achieved with effort or struggle. Goals to be achieved is virtue, that is all the good things that make people prosperous, happy, peaceful, serene. Effort or struggle is hard work that is based on faith / belief. Confidence / trust is measured by one's thinking, the ability jasmana, and belief in God.AspirationAccording to the Indonesian general dictionary goals are desires, hopes, goals always in mind. Good wishes, hopes, and goals are what one would obtain in the future. Thus the goal is the future outlook, an outlook on life that will come. In general,Such ideals are linear line is higher and higher, in other words: the ideal is the desire, hope, and destiny of man is the higher level. If these ideals are not possible or may not be fulfilled, then the dream is called wishful thinking. Here the requirements and capabilities are not / have not been met so that the effort to realize the ideals it is not possible. Between the present which is a reality that will come with time as the ideas or ideals there is a time gap. Get someone to achieve what it wanted ideally depends on three factors: first the human factor that has goals, both the conditions encountered during achieved what it wanted and the third reflecting how high the ideals to be achieved.VirtueVirtue or the good or the good deeds that essentially the same as moral acts, deeds yagn accordance with the norms of religion and ethics. Humans do good, because according to human nature is good, being moral. The instigation of the human conscience tend to do well .. BeingsPersonally, manuda can decide for themselves what is good and what is bad. Good and bad are determined by the conscience. Conscience is a kind of an urgent whisper in one's heart, to weigh and determine the merits of a deed, action or behavior. So the conscience be a hakin for yourself. Conscience is always a good pick, because he always urged people to do good for himself. Therefore, if someone do something in accordance with the promptings of his heart, then that person must have good deeds. So, do and act according to conscience, then it is good. So good or bad it is seen by his own conscience. Yet to be assessed and measured by a general or opinion. So virtue is an act which according to our conscience, the conscience of society and the law of God. Real human virtues and can be felt in his behavior, because behavior rooted in a view of life, everyone has their own behavior, so that the behavior of every person is different. Factors that affect a person's behavior are: factor traits, environmental factors and experiences.Effort / struggleEffort / struggle is hard work to make dreams come true. Hard work it can be done with the brain / science or primarily to power / body, or with both. Basically hard work and increase the value of human dignity. To work hard man is limited by the ability, because of limited capacity arise differences of wealth between one man and another man.faith / belief.Confidence / trust on which the view of life comes from the sense or the power of God. According Prof.Dr.Harun Nasution, there are three schools of philosophy that is• The flow of naturalism; human life is associated with supernatural powers who are the ultimate power. The supernatural powers of nature, and it is from God. But that does not believe in God, that's the highest nature. Naturalism stream contains speculation there may be God may not exist• The flow of intellectualism; basic flow is the logic / reason. Priority to human reason. With a sense of human thought, which is right in that's a good reason, though contrary to the power of conscience. Humans are confident that with the power of think the (sense) virtues can be achieved successfully. With a sense created the technology, technology is a tool to achieve the maximum good, although the technology may give a result that defies common. If the flow is associated with a philosophy of life, the belief that stems from the common man. So this view of life based on the belief that truth was accepted akal.Benar according to good sense. Humans believe that virtue can only be obtained with reasonable (science and technology). View of life is called liberalism. Freedom of reasonable cause of freedom to behave and act, even though his actions lakudan behavior is contrary to conscience. Freedom of mind is more emphasis on the individual. Therefore, individuals of normal intelligence (knowledgeable and technologically) can master the thinking of individuals is low (stupid)• the combined flow. This basic flow idalah supernatural powers as well as resourceful. Supernatural powers that is the strength that comes from God, believe in God as the basis for conviction. While the reason is the basis of culture, which determines whether or not anything. Everything is judged by reason, either as logical thinking as well as a sense (conscience). So what is right according to the logic of thinking is also acceptable to the conscience. Apabial flow is associated with a philosophy of life, it will timbil two possible view of life. If the conviction is more heavily based on logical thinking, while the subordinated conscience, supernatural power of God's existence is recognized but not decisive, logical thinking and logical thinking is not emphasized in the individual, but the logic of collective thinking (the community), this worldview is called socialism. If the belief that supernatural powers of God and reason, both the underlying belief in a balanced way, as our good will in the sense of logical thinking as well as the sense (conscience), logical thinking individually and collectively is called socialism panangan life-religious . Virtue is virtue according to the desired logical thinking and acceptable to the conscience, it's all thanks to the grace of God.The steps of the view that a good life:A. know2. understand3. appreciate4. believes5. serve6. secureHuman and ResponsibilitiesStudents can comprehend and understand the responsibilities, all kinds of responsibility, devotion or sacrifice, as well as the relation of human dennganin life• Students can explain the responsibilities pngertian• Students can explain the meaning of responsibility• Students may mention the types of responsibilities• Students can write an example of each type of responsibility• Students can explain the sense of devotion• Students can define which types of service• Students can write an example of dedication in the daily kehiidupan• Students can explain the meaning of sacrifice• Students can cite all kinds of sacrifice• Students may mention the result of the sacrifices• Students can write an example of sacrificeResponsibilityTanggungjawb is the state ought to bear everything. So the responsibility is the obligation to bear, bear the responsibility, to bear everything, or give an answer and suffer the consequences. Responsibility is the consciousness of man's behavior or actions are intentional or unintentional. Responsibility also means doing his duty as a manifestation of consciousness. Someone willing to be responsible because there is consciousness or awareness or understanding for any actions and consequences and the interests of others. The emergence of that responsibility because human social life and living in a natural environment. Responsibility it is natural, that had been part of human life, that every human being must be burdened with responsibility. If he did not want to be responsible, then there will be another pihalforcing that responsibility. Thus it can be seen from the responsibilities of the two sides, ie from the side of the act and of the interests of other parties. From the makers should be aware of the consequences his actions were, so he himself is also a need to restore in good condition. Daari the other hand, if the maker does not want responsibility, others will recover either by individual or by society. When examined, it is an obligation or responsibility for the burden to be shouldered or discharged as a result of an act pebuatan party, or as a result of the actions of others, or as a service to others. Liabilities or expenses it is intended for the good of those who do own or others with balance, harmony harmony between human beings, between humans and the environment, between man and God is alwaysproperly maintained. That responsibility cirri civilized man (cultured). People felt responsible because he was aware of the consequences good or bad deeds, and realize also that the other party requires devotion or sacrifice. To acquire or improve kesadaan responsible effort to be implemented through education, counseling, exemplary, and piety towards God. Types of Responsibility:A. Responsibility for oneself2. Responsibility of the Family3. Responsibility to the community4. Responsibility to the nation / state5. Responsibility to GodDevotion and SacrificeResponsibility is also a form of devotion and sacrifice. Pegorbanan is devotion and good deeds for the sake of the man himself. Devotion is a good deed in the form of thoughts, opinions, or power as the embodiment of loyalty, love mercy, norms, or a bundle of all this is done with sincerity. Devotion in itself is a sense tanggungjaab. When people work hard all day to reach the requirement, it is meant to serve keapada family. Humans do not exist by itself, but it is a creature of God's creation. As God's creation man must serve God. Devotion means surrendering completely to uhan, and is a manifestation of God kepad responsibility. The sacrifice comes from the victim or the victim, which means the offering, so the sacrifice berarati administration to declare the service. Thus the sacrifice that is the service that contains keikhalasan yangtidak menganadung strings attached. An administration that is based on sincere moral consciousness alone. Difference between devotion and sacrifice is not so clear. Because of the devotion there must be sacrifice. Among fellow comrades devotion is hard to say because the word implies a lower service level, but to the word sacrifice can also be applied kepaa fellow friends ..Sacrifice is a result of the dedication. Sacrifice can be a treasure, thoughts and feelings, even his soul may well be. Sacrifice willingly handed over unconditionally, without any agreement, without any transaction, sja when necessary. Dedication over many point to the act of sacrifice, while morerefers to granting such a thought, feeling, power, cost. In the service has always demanded sacrifice, but sacrifice is not necessarily demanding devotion.Human and AnxietyStudents can understand and know about different kinds of anxiety, causes of kelisa, alienation, loneliness, and the efforts to overcomeanxiety / uncertainty and its relation to human in his lifeUnderstanding anxiety• Students can explain the meaning of anxiety• Students can mention three kinds of anxiety that afflicts the human• Students may mention the causes of the gelisa• Students may mention the efforts to overcome anxiety• Students can explain the sense of alienation• Students can explain penngertian lonely• Students can mention three kinds of causes of loneliness• Students can explain the sense of uncertainty• Various kinds of causes of uncertainty• Students can cite efforts to cope with uncertaintyDefinition of AnxietyAnxiety comes from the word nervous, which means not peaceful heart, kwatir always felt uneasy, impatient, anxious. So that anxiety is a thing that describes a person is not peaceful heart and his actions, feeling kwatir, uneasy in his behavior, or the impatient anxiety. Anxiety symptoms can only be known from the behavior or gestures situai someone in particular. Anxiety is one of the expressions of anxiety. Therefore, in the everyday sense of anxiety also mean anxiety, or fear kekwatiran. Masalh anxiety or anxiety associated also with a frustrating problem, which by definitionmay be mentioned, that someone was frustrated because not achieved the desired pa. Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis expert opinion, that there are three kinds of anxiety that afflicts human anxiety is the fact (objective), anxiety neorotik and moral anxiety.v Anxiety objective is an experience of feeling as a result of observation or a danger in the outside world. Danger is the attitude of a person's state of the environment that threaten harm separately. Experience the danger and the onset of the innate nature of anxiety may, in the sense of the word, that a person inherits a tendency to menjadia afraid that if she is close to certain objects in a particular state of the environment ..v Anxiety neorotis observations about the dangers arising from the instinctive According to Sigmund Freud anxiety is divided into three kinds, namely: anxiety arising from the adjustment to the environment, form an irrational fear (phobia) and fear of others because of nervousness, stuttering and sebaganya.v Anxiety caused by personal morale. Each person has a wide = range of other atnra emotions: envy, jealousy, anger, anxiety, love, a sense of lack. All that is part of the overall individual statements based on the concept that less healthy. Such attitudes often make people feel kwatir, anxious, afraid and desperate.When examined the causes of the anxiety is due to essentially the fear of losing their rights. It was the result of a threat, a threat both from within and from outside. This anxiety is first started from ourselves, that we must be calm. With a calm demeanor we can think calmly, so that alldifficulties can be overcome.AlienationAlienation is derived from alienation, and that word is from the word alien. Foreign word means itself, is not known, so the word means alienated, marginalized from society, separated from the others, or remote. So alienated word means things relating to excluded from pegaulan, isolated or separated from the others. Alienation is part of human life. A minute or longer, people have had to live in isolation of course, with different causes and levels of each other. What causes people to be in alienation is behavior that is notacceptable or not can be justified by the public, or the lack of aa in a person, so he can TIDA or difficult to adjust in society.LonelyLoneliness comes from the word meaning quiet or deserted, desolate, so lonely word means feeling lonely or deserted, not friends. Everyone has experienced loneliness, the loneliness of human life. The loneliness of the long bergangung the people and cases of mental causes. Various causes of loneliness, frustration can lead to loneliness. So lonely was the result of alienation. Alienation due to arrogance, arrogant, rigid, stubborn, so shunned sepergaulannya friends.UncertaintyUncertainty comes from the uncertain meaning is uncertain, can not be determined, do not know, without a clear direction, without a clear origin. Uncertainty means that certain circumstances, not necessarily, can not be determined, do not know, a state with no clear direction, a state without a clear origin of it all is distracted from his thoughts. The lack konsentrasian caused by various reasons, a clear mind chaotic. Some reasons people may not think is uncertain:A. obsession2. phobia3. kompulasi4. Hysteria5. delusions6. hallucinations7. emotional stateTo be able to cure it depends on the mental state of the patient. If the cause is unknown, the possibility also can not be cured. When that happens, then the best way for people to go out alone to a psychologist.Man and HopeStudents can comprehend and understand the expectations, because the man possessed of hope, prayer, faith and efforts to increase trust andin relation to human life• Students can explain pengeertian expectations• Students can mention equality of hope and dreams• able to mention the cause of human MahMahasiswa have hope• Students can explain the sense of trust• Students can name three theories of truth• Students can distinguish four beliefs• Students may mention the human effort to improve trust in the LordHopeEvery man has a hope. Humans are no expectations mean that the human heart in life. People who will die even have hope, usually in the form of messages to his heir. Expectations depend on the knowledge, engalaman, environment and capabilities of each. Success or failure depends on the expectations of business people who have hope. Expectations should be based on trust, good self-confidence, and belief in one almighty God. In order expectations materialize, it is necessary to the business in earnest. When compared with the ideals, the hopes of containing the sense of not too high, while the ideals generally have high bintar. Between expectations and ideals contained in common: both are related to the future because it has not materialized, in general with the ideals and hopes of people want a better or improved. By nature man is a social creature. Each was born into the world immediately greeted in a social life, namely in the middle of a family and community members. There are two things that drive people to lives of other human interactions that drive needs a boost of nature and life. According to Maslow in accordance with the nature and urge that the needs of human life without hope. In effect the hope that is the desire to make ends meet. In accordance with the expectations of human nature or human needs are:A. kelansungan life2. security3. rights and obligations to love and be loved4. recognized environmentalSources: http://massofa.wordpress.comhttp://www.google
Primary courses Cultural Studies (CSA) is one of the courses that talk about values, about the culture of the various problems faced by humans in everyday life. It is hoped this course can become a kind of lingua franca or common language for scholars from various scientific fields. By having a similar provision is expected that the academics can be more smooth communication. The smooth communication will further expedite the development process in various fields addressed by scholars from various fields of expertise.
By getting the courses students are expected natinya CSA has sufficient background knowledge about the vast kebudaaan Indonesia in general and lead to further interest in depth, so that students are expected to support and develop its own culture with the creative. One of the important nature of this course is that the CSA is not the lesson of literature, not philosophy, it's not a stand-alone discipline. As the name implies Cultural Studies Association, the study provides only the basics are strong enough to students to find relationships between all aspects of culture in business relationships that continue to seek truth, beauty, freedom, in various forms, as well as its relationship with the universe, God, society and also the discovery of himself. In short he felt in finding a more meaningful life. It certainly involves moral attitude which is expected to equip students with a broad experience that will guide him toward the unified formation sizes, tastes and values by not relying on others.So in short it can be said that after getting this course students are expected to memeperlihatkan, interests and habits investigate what is happening around them and the outside environment, explore what it does and why.Awareness of the patterns of use within the embrace of and how the relationship of these values by way of daily lifeWillingness to rethink the open heart espoused values to determine whether he is a stand-alone can justify these values for himselfMoral courage to defend the values that she felt she could have received with great responsibility and instead reject the values that do not justify.CSA gave the background than to see the cultural context of Indonesia is also in accordance with a program of education in universities in order to graduate menyempurkan formation.Higher education is expected to produce graduates who have knowledge of a set consisting of:A. Academic ability; is the ability to communicate scientifically, whether oral or written, analytical control equipment, and think logically, critically, systematically, and analytical, conceptual ability to identify and formulate problems, and able to offer alternative solutions2. Professional ability; is the ability in the field of professional expertise is concerned. With this capability, experts are expected to have high knowledge and skills in the field of profession.3. Personal capabilities; is the ability of personality. With this capability experts are expected to have knowledge so as to demonstrate attitudes and behaviors, and actions that reflect the personality of Indonesia, understand and recognize the values of religious, civic, and state, as well as having a broad view and sensitivity to various problems encountered by the people of Indonesia.With its set of capabilities expected of college graduates proficient menjadai scholars, experts in the field who practiced and willing and able to devote his expertise to the public interestIndonesia and mankind in general.Basic understanding of HumanitiesSimply IBD is knowledge that is expected to provide basic knowledge and common understanding of the concepts diekembangkan to examine the problems of man and culture. The term IBD First Instance time in Indonesia was developed as a replacement for basic humanitiesm term derived from the English term "the Humanities". The humanities term itself comes from the Latin astinya humnus a man, cultured and refined. By studying the humanities th person will be presumed to be more humane, more civilized and more subtle. By studying the humanities person will be presumed to be more humane, more civilized and more subtle. Thus we can say that the humanities relating to human values as homo humanus or cultured human. In order for humans to be humanus, they must learn the science of the humanities in addition to other responsibilities does not leave the man himself.To know that the basic cultural knowledge, including knowledge of cultural groups need to know in advance the science of grouping. Prof Dr.Harsya Bactiar argued that science and knowledge are grouped into three major groups namely:a. Natural sciences (natural scince). Natural sciences, aims to find the regularity of order contained in the universe. To examine this use of scientific method. The trick is to determine the laws regarding the order-order it, then made an analysis to determine the quality. The analysis is then generalized. On this basis and made predictions. Results of the study 100 5 100 5 right and wrong.b. Social sciences (social scince). social sciences, aims to assess the regularity of order contained in the relationship between human beings. To examine this use of scientific method as a loan from the natural sciences. But the research results are not 100 5 right, just close to the truth. Why is the regularity in the relationship between humans initidak can change from moment to moment.c. Cultural knowledge (the humanities) aiming to understand and find the meaning of the realities of human nature. For this study used the method disclosure and kenyataankenyataanyang events are unique, and given meaning. Cultural knowledge (the humanities) is limited as the knowledge that includes expertise (disilpin) art and philosophy. Even this expertise can be subdivided into various hiding other skills, such as dance, visual art, music, etc.. While the basic cultural knowledge (Basic Humanities) is a business that is expected to provide basic knowledge and common understanding of the concepts developed to study human problems and culture. In other words CSA uses notions from different fields of cultural knowledge to develop insights into student thinking and sensitivity in assessing the problems of human and cultural issues.Different cultural knowledge base of cultural knowledge. Basic cultural knowledge in a language called basic Ingngris humanities. Knowledge of English culture in the study referred to as the humanities. Liberal artsexamine issues of human values as a civilized being (homo humanus). While the basic cultural knowledge rather than knowledge about the culture, but the basic knowledge and common understanding of the concepts developed for the study of human issues and culture.Basic objectives of HumanitiesPresentation of basic science subjects no other culture is a business that is expected to provide basic knowledge and common understanding of the concepts developed to study human problems and culture. Thus this course is not intended to educate experts in one area of expertise is included in the cultural knowledge (the humanities), but CSA solely as one effort to develop personality of students by expanding the horizons of thought and the ability to value kritikalnya -nlai culture, whether that involves other people and the natural surroundings, as well as concerning himself.To reach that goal CSA is expected to:A. Ensuring cultural sensitivity of students to the environment, so they are easier to adjust to new environments, especially for the sake of their profession. Provide an opportunity for students to broaden their views on issues kemansiaan and culture as well as develop their critical faculties on issues pertaining to both.2. Arranged for students, as future leaders and State bagnsa well as experts in their respective fields of discipline does not fall into the properties of regionalism and the fragmentation of strict discipline. Communication vehicle for scholars seeking to make them more able to engage in dialogue with one another. Denganmemiliki a similar provision, the academics are expected to be more fluent in communicating.Scope of the Cultural Studies AssociationStarting from this framework intended purpose, two main problems can be used as a material consideration for determining the scope of the study subjects CSA. The second main issue is:Various aspects of life which is entirely an expression of humanitarian and cultural issues that can be approximated by using the cultural knowledge (the humanities), both in terms of their expertise (disciplinary) knowledge in the culture, or in combination (between fields) the various disciplines within cultural knowledge. Human nature or a universal one, but the diverse cultural manifestations in each era and place.Appoint two principal problems that can be studied in the CSA subjects, it seems clear that human beings occupy a central position in the assessment. Humans are not just as objects of study. What about the human relationship with nature, with sesame, himself, human values and how well the relationship with the creator becomes the central theme in the CSA. Key points of discussion are developed are:A. Humans and love2. The beauty of the human and3. Human and Suffering4. Human and Justice5. The view of human life and6. Human and responsibility and devotion7. Human and anxiety8. Human and expectationsStudents can understand and appreciate the fact that various cultures and can be realized by reviewing all relationships between people and cultures, knowing human nature, know about all the elements of student culture can explain the elements that build a human.Special Instructional objectives:• Students can explain human hakekkat• Students can explain about the personality of the east• Students can be psycho-sociogram shows an outline of the human• Students can define the culture• Students may mention the 7 elements of universal culture• Students can name three-dimensional culture form according to its formHumanIn terms of the exact sciences, the human is a collection of atomic particles that form a network that is owned by the human system (chemistry). Humans are a collection of various physical systems are interlinked with each other and a collection of energy (physics). Human beings are biological creatures belonging to the class of mammals (biology). In the social sciences, human beings are creatures who seek to profit atu always account for any activity, often called homo economicus (economic sciences). Humans are social beings who can not stand alone (sociology), beings who always wanted to have power (politics). And so forth.A. Man is composed of four interrelated elements, namely:• The body, ie the human body that looks rough on the outside, can be touched, and photographed, and occupies space and time.• Hayat, ie contain elements of life, characterized by the motion• Spirit; the guidance and leadership of God, who works in a spiritual power and understanding the truth, an ability to create a conceptual bersift the center of the birth culture.• Breath; in the sense of self or ego, self-awareness tentan2. Man as a personality containing three elements, namely:• Id. Which is the most primitive personality structure and least visible. Id is a pure libido, or psychic energy that shows the natural traits of irrational and sex-related issues, which determine the instinctual unconscious processes. Id does not relate to the external environment itself, but related to other personality structures that in turn becomes the mediator between the instinctual Id with the outside world.• Ego. A part or structure was first distinguished personalities from the Id, often referred to as a personality "executive" for his role in connecting the Id energy into social channels that can be understood by others.• Superego. Personality structure is the most recent, emerging at about the age-year sentence. Compared with the Id and ego, which develops internally within the individual, the superego is formed from the external environment. So the superego showed a pattern of rules that generate a certain degree of self-control through a system of rewards and punishments are internalized.From the description above to examine aspects of human action by analyzing the relationship between action and human elements. Often such people love to drift towards the values of society can be identified that person is more controlled than the super-ego Id. Or sometimes there are abnormalities that occur in humans, for example, poor people are flawless and short stature able to appear to the public, can be explained with reference to the element of lust (self awareness) has. All of which can be used as a tool for the analysis of human behavior.Essence of Man:A. God's creatures yagn composed of body and spirit as one unified whole.2. Being the most perfect creation of God, when compared to other creatures denan.3. Sentient beings are biological biokultural use within culturally.4. Creation is God's creatures associated with the use within the environment, have the quality and dignity due to ability to work and work.Definition of CultureCulture is always shared by every community, it's just that there is a better community cultural development of the community to meet all the needs of society. Many cultural understanding proposed by the experts. One of them proposed by Selo Soemardjan and Soelaiman Soemardi, who theorized that culture is all the result of the work, a sense of community and creativity. Generating public works technology and material culture, that man needs to menguasa natural surroundings, so that the strength and the results can be devoted to kepntingan community.Sense that includes human souls manifest sega community norms and values that need to manage the problems of natural kemasarakatan broad sense., Therein including, religion, ideology, mysticism, and all unusr kenesenian which is the result of expression of the human soul. Who live as members of society. Selanjtunya copyright is mental ability, the ability of people who think the social life and which, among other produce as well as the philosophy of science. Taste and creativity called spiritual culture. All works, taste and copyrights held by initiative of the people who determine its usefulness, to fit the interests of somelarge, even the whole society. Of pengetian shows that culture is the whole epidermis of human knowledge as a social creature, which is used to interpret and understand the environment at hand, to meet all their needs and promote the establishment of human behavior is that the experts scrambled sendiri.Atassuggests the existence of cultural elements which are generally broken down into seven elements, namely:A. religious elements2. social system3. system equipment4. livelihood systems5. language system6. knowledge systems7. artBased tilah of this system then the culture has at least 3 form include:A. Form as a complex of ideas, ideas, norms, rules and the like. This is an ideal form of culture. Abstract nature, aa location in the public mind in which the culture of life.2. Culture as a complex activity patterns of human behavior in society.3. Culture as objects of human handiworkCultural change is essentially no change other than the people who live in a society that becomes the culture. Change is happening because humans make contact with other humans, orbecause the relationship between human groups in society. There is no static yanga culture, every culture has a dynamic of change, change: change is a result of changes in society that becomes the culture.Human and Love• Students can comprehend and understand about love, and its relation to human• Students can explain the meaning of love• Students can mention three elements of love• Students can name three levels of love• Students may mention the various forms of love• Students can explain the sense of affection• Students can explain the sense of intimacy• Students can explain the meaning of worship• Students can explain the sense of compassion• Mahasisswa to mention the ways of compassion shedDefinition of LoveAccording to the Indonesian general dictionary Poerwadarminta WJS work. Love is love (to) or (sense) sayagn (to). Love or feeling very or extremely interested in his heart while the word love means feelings of affection or love or pity. Thus the meaning of love and almost simultaneously, sehinggakata love strengthens the feeling of love. Because of that love can be defined as feeling like (saying) to someone with compassion.Understanding of the love expressed by Dr.. Sarlito.W.Sarwono. it is said that love has three elements, namely: attachment, intimacy, and romance .. The definition of entanglement is the feeling to just be with him, all the priority for him, did not want to go with anyone but him. Intimacy is the habits and behavior which shows that between you and him are no longer distance. Formal calls as father, mother, brother replaced by simply calling the name or designation saying. Namely a sense of intimacy fondling or caress, a sense of missed that much or not seen, the remarks expressed his affection.In the Koran was found that the phenomenon of love is hidden in the human soul. Love has three levels, namely high, medium and low. High level of love is the love of God, and strive in Allah's Apostle. Love is the intermediate level of love to parents, children, siblings, wife / husband and relatives. Love the love rendahaanya who prefer the love of family, relatives, property and residence.AffectionSaying love is a feeling, a feeling of love or the feeling of love to someone. In married life is the key to happiness sayaing love. This affection is the growth of love. The affection a conscious or unconscious of each party claimed responsibility, sacrifice, honesty, mutual trust, mutual understanding, mutual open, so they are rounded and complete unity. If one element is missing affection, such as age, responsibility, integrity retaklah the household.IntimacyIntimacy comes from the word intimate, which means that familiar feeling of sympathy. Intimacy is a close relationship between men and women who are already intoxicated by romance and marriage. Romance is essentially a manifestation of deep affection.CultThe cult is one manifestation of human love to God are embodied in the form of ritual communication.MercyIn the letter John explained there are three kinds of love. Agape love is the love of man to God. Philia love is in love with the mother's father (parents) and siblings. The third and erros or amor love this is love between men and women. The difference between love and eros amor is citna eros love as natural as a lakai men and women, whereas the amor love because of the difficult elements illogical, for example, normal girl who loves pretty and want to marry a young man who dwarfs. Terhdap love sesame is a blend of love agape and philia love. Love this fellow is given the term mercy to distinguish between the love of parents, men and women, love for God. In love with this fellow has been termed compassion, for love here because cakapnya open, rich, beautiful, but because of his suffering.Human and SufferingStudents can understand and appreciate the realities that exist in people's lives with various kinds of suffering, and because the influencethat there• Students can explain the meaning of suffering• Students can explain the definition of torture• Students may mention the nature of psychic torment 3• Students can explain the sense of mental confusion• Students can name a person experiencing symptoms of mental confusion• Students can name the stages of psychiatric disorders• Students may mention the causes of the onset of mental confusion• Students may mention the processes of mental confusion• Students may mention the causes of the onset of pain• Students may mention the effect that would happen to someone if sufferingUnderstanding SufferingSuffering comes from suffering. The word pain comes from the Sanskrit word meaning dhra withstand or endure. Means to bear the pain or feel something unpleasant. Suffering can be born suffering or mental or physical and spiritual. Including the reality of human suffering and the world. Pain intensity stratified, there is a heavy, some lighter. But individuals also determine the role of heavy-intensity or absence of suffering. Pristiwa considered a person's suffering by suffering is not necessarily for others. Can also be a pain is the energy to bounce back for someone, or as a first step to mencpai pleasure and happiness.Many cases there is suffering in life. Many kinds of cases in accordance with the suffering of human life likuliku. How people cope with suffering in his life? yagn physical suffering experienced by humans would have been solved by medical means to reduce or cure it, while penderitan psychic healing ability of the patient lies paa in solving psychic problems it faces.TortureTorture can be defined as torture or Jasman body, and can also be tortured soul or a spiritual one. As a result of torture suffered by a person, suffering arises. Use within its psychological torture can include: confusion, loneliness, fear. Exaggerated fears were unjustified called phobia.banyak because that makes a person feel fear, among others: claustrophobia and agoraphobia, nervous, scared, keakitan, failure. Psychologists tend to argue that the phobia is a symptom of a deep psychological problems, which must be found, faced, and conquered before phobianya will be lost. Instead of taking care experts believe that the behavior of a phobia is a problem and do not need to find the causes in order to get the care and treatment. Most experts agree that stress and tension caused by having the patient live in a state of constant fear, making the state the patient is ten times worse.Mental confusionMental anguish in the science of psychology known as mental confusion. In more simple mental disorder is a psychiatric disorder due to inability to deal with issues that must be overcome so that the relevant act is less reasonable. Onset of symptoms for someone who is experiencing mental confusionare:• It appears in the body that is often felt dizziness, shortness of breath, fever, pain in stomach• It appears on the mental anxiety, fear, heartbreak, apathy, jealousy, irritabilityStages of psychiatric disorders are:• psychiatric disorders appear on the symptoms of the patient's life and the spiritual one bais jasmana• efforts to defend themselves by way of negative• confusion is the point of fracture (mental breakdown) and have developed relevant disordersThe causes of the onset of mental confusion:a. Personality is weak due to physical or mental condition that is less than perfectb. T erjadinya socio-cultural conflictc. Inner maturation wrong way by providing an overreaction to social lifeThe process of mental confusion experienced by a person pushing it towards the positive and negative. Posotf; trauma experienced by people with a good answer sebgai business survey in order to stay alive, for example tahajut to pray, or engage in activities that positively after the fall of his life. Negative; diperlarutkan trauma experienced fustasi so concerned, namely the inner pressure due to failure to achieve what is desired. Fustasi forms include:A. Aggression in the form kamarahan overwhelming result of uncontrolled emotions and the physical cause of hypertension or easily occur sadistic action that could endanger the people around him.2. Regression is returning to the primitive pattern of behavior or childish.3. Fixation; is the placement of restrictions on the same pattern (fixed) for example, in silence.4. Projections; an attempt throwing or projecting weakness and their own attitudes are negative to others.5. Identification; is to identify with someone who is successful in his imagination.6. Narcissism; is the excessive love of self that is concerned feel themselves superior to others paa.7. Autism: is shut down completely from the real world, do not want to communicate with others, he was satisfied with her own fantasies can lead to the use within the crazy nature.Many are suffering mental confusion in an environment such as:A. cities - cities2. young children ages3. woman4. people who are not5. people who are pursuing the materialIf we simply grouped according to the causes of the onset of pain, the suffering human being can be itemized as follows:A. Suffering that can result from human misconduct2. Suffering arising due to illness, torture / punishment of GodPeople who are likely to have suffered a variety of influences and attitude in him. Attitudes that arise can be either positive attitude or negative attitude. Negative attitudes such as regret for not happy, the attitude of disappointment, despair or suicidal. Continuation of this negative attitude may arise anti for, say anti-marriage or not marry, do not have passion for life, and so forth. A positive attitude is the attitude of optimism to overcome the suffering, the suffering that life is not a series, but the struggle to free themselves from pain and suffering is just part of life. A positive attitude is usually creative, do not give up easily, even tough stance may arise or anti. For example, anti forced marriage, he fought against forced marriages, and deodorized.The beauty of the human andStudents can learn and understand about the beauty, contemplation, keserasihan and its relation to human in daily life• Students can explain the sense of beauty• Students can distinguish between beauty as an abstract quality and as a beautiful banda tertantu• Students can mention about the beauty of the broadest• Students can explain about the etetik• Students can distinguish between the extrinsic and intrinsic value• Students can explain the sense of contemplation and ekstansi• Students may mention the theories of reflectionBeautyThe word comes from the exquisite beauty, that is nice, scenic, beautiful, beautiful, comely, and so forth. Keidahan synonymous with truth. The beauty of truth and truth is beauty. Both have the same value, namely: the eternal, and has an ever-growing appeal. Which does not contain the truth does not mean beautiful.The beauty also is universal, meaning that is not bound by individual tastes, time and place, regionalism, fashion sense, regional or local.Is the beauty of That?Actually, it's difficult to say whether the beauty of it. The beauty of it is an abstract concept that can not be enjoyed because it is not clear. The beauty of it is new if it has been clearly linked to something tangible or a work. In other words it's beauty to be enjoyed if associated with a form. With the beauty of form to communicate. According to the coverage one must distinguish beauty as an abstract kualita and as a particular object is beautiful. For distinction in the English language often used the term "beuty" (beauty) and "the beautiful" (the objects or the beautiful). The limitation of philosophy, the two terms are sometimes confused-kaang only. In addition, there are also differences in the extent of the understanding; thea. beauty in the broad senseb. in terms of pure aesthetic beautyc. beauty in the sense of vision is limited in meaning toThe natural beauty of the broad sense is the original sense of the Greeks who also covered the good in it. Plato mentions such a wonderful character and a beautiful law, is Aristotle define beauty as something other than good fun too. Plotinus writes about the science of the beautiful, beautiful virtue. The Greeks used to talk also about the beautiful thoughts and beautiful indigenous customs. But the Greeks also know the meaning of aesthetic beauty in what he called "symetria" for the visual beauty for beauty and Harmonia by hearing. So the broadest sense of beauty include: the beauty of art, natural beauty, the beauty of the moral and intellectual beauty.Pure aesthetic beauty in the sense of the aesthetic experience of one's concerns in relation to everything that dicerapnya. Was more limited in the sense of beauty is collapsible so that only about objects that dicerapnya with vision, which is a beauty of form and color.Aesthetic value.In the framework of a general theory of value The gie Liang explained that the definition of beauty is regarded as one kind of value as ever moral values, economic values, the value of education and so on. The value associated with segaa something covered in the sense of beauty called aesthetic value. The value is a psychological relaitas clearly be distinguished from the usefulness, as there are in the human spirit and not the object itself. The value that the people believed in one thing terdapa until proven ketakbenarannya. On any value that distinguishes between the subjective and objective values. Or is there that distinguishes the individual and societal values. But the classification is important is the intrinsic value and extrinsic value. Extrinsic value is the good nature of an object as a tool or a means to something else (instrumental / contributory) the value is as a tool or aid. Intrinsic value is either the nature of the object in question, namely as something objective, or in the interest of the object itself. For example: Poems. Poetic form consisting of language, diction line, rhyme, rhythm, it is called extrinsic value, while the message to be conveyed to the reader through the (device object) is called the intrinsic value of poetry. Minakjonggo Damarwulan dance is extrinsic value, is the message to be conveyed by dance is good against evil is intrinsic value.What causes humans to create beauty?A. Values that have been deprecated2. Slump time3. Human Suffering4. Greatness of GodReflectionReflections derived from the thought-that is secretly thinking about something, or think of something to dalamdalam.Is the result of thoughtful reflection. In reflection to create art there are several theories, among others: the theory of disclosure, the theory of metaphysical and psychological theory.Disclosure theory.Argument of this theory is that the "arts is an expresition of human feeling" (art is an expression of human feelings) theory is primarily concerned with what is experienced by an artist when creating art. Character theory of expression is the most famous Italian philosopher Croce Benedeto (1886-1952), among others, he declared that "Art is the disclosure messages) expression is the same as the intuition, and intuition is pegnetahuan intuitive appreciation tentagn obtained through individual things that produces a chimera (images). Thus the disclosure that various tangible picture of fantasy images such as color, line and word. For someone disclosure means to create art in itself without the need for physical activity outside. Pengalamam aesthetic person is nothing but an expression of wishful thinking in the picture. A character is Leo Tolstoi another he insisted that art activities aalah rise in use within yourself a feeling someone has experienced it and then raise it later with a medium range of motion, line, color, sound and form that is expressed in words the feelings that people move people experiencing the same feelings.Theory of MetaphysicsBercotak metaphysical theory of art is one of the oldest examples of the theory, which is derived from Plato is karyakaryanya to discuss some of the aesthetic philosophy, the conception of the beauty of art theory. Regarding the source of Plato's art reveals a theory of imitation (imitation theory). This is consistent with the metaphysics of Plato who mendalikan the world of ideas in the highest tarat sebgai divine reality. Paa lower level there is the reality of this world which is a reflection of similar false and divine reality. And man-made art karyu is a mimemis (clone) of ralita worldly.Psychological TheoryExperts examine the aesthetic in the modern century theories of art from the point of the relationship of art and mind of its creator by using psychological methods. For example, based on psychoanalysis argued that the process of creating art is the fulfillment of unconscious desires of one artist. Being works of arttiu is a refined form of latent or manifest out of those desires. Another theory is the theory of games developed by Frederick Schiller (1757 -1805) and Herbert Spencer (1820 - 1903) according to Schiller, the origin of art is an inner urge to play around (play impulse) that exist in a person. Art is a kind of balance the whole game of human mental abilities associated with the excess energy that must be removed. In the theory of signification (signification theory) view art as a symbol or sign of human feeling.Human and JusticeStudents can understand and know about different kinds of justice, social justice, honesty, cheating and the fact that there is in life andrelation to human• Students can explain the sense of justice• Students can explain the meaning of justice• MahaMahasiswa can define which types of justice• Students can explain the sense of honesty• Students can explain the nature of honesty• Students can explain the sense of cheating• Students can cite the reasons people commit fraud• Students can cite a variety of calculations and retaliation• Students can explain the notion of a good name• Students may mention the nature of vindication• Students can explain the notion of retaliation• Students may mention the cause of retaliation• Students can write an example of retaliationDefinition of JusticeJustice according to Aristotle is proper in human action. Eligibility is defined as the midpoint between the two extremes of too much and too little. Both of these extremes involves two people or objects. When the two men have in common in a predetermined size, then each person should obtain the same object or result, if not equal, then the individual - each person will receive a part that is not the same, while the proportion terjadap violations are called unfair. Keaadilan by Plato projected on human beings that are said to be fair is the one who controls himself and his feelings are controlled by reason. Socrates project on the administration of justice. According to Socrates, justice will be created when citizens feel that the government has been doing a good job. Why are projected to the government? government is the principal cause that determines the dynamic leadership of the community. Confucius argues that justice occurs when a child as a child, when his father as a father, when the king as king, each of which has been carrying out its obligations. This opinion is limited to certain values that are believed or agreed upon. In the opinion of the more common it is said that justice is the recognition and the fate of the balance between the rights and obligations. Justice lies in the harmony of demanding their rights and obligations. Or in other words, justice is a state where everyone is getting what is rightfully his and everyone getting the same piece of property together.Various JusticeA. Justice legal or moral justicePlato argues that justice and the common law is the spiritual substance of the people who make and become unity. In a just society every person performing work according to its nature best suited to him (the man behind the gun). Plato's opinion called moral justice, while the others are called legal justice.2. Distributive justiceAristotele believes that justice will be done when the same things are treated equally and not things that are not treated the same as (justice is done when equels are treated equally).3. Commutative justiceJustice aims to maintain public order and welfare umum.Bagi Aristotelian sense of justice is a principle of coherence and order in society. All actions are patterned extremes make the injustice and damage or even destroy the coherence in the communityHonestyHonest or dishonest means anything that is said to someone according to his conscience, what is said to correspond to reality. Was the fact that it is the fact that there really exists. Honest also means someone clean his heart from the acts prohibited by religion and law. For that one word and deed is required, which means that what is said to be the same with his actions. Because it's honest means or ability to fulfill the promise attached through words or which are contained in the consciencea form of will, expectation and intention.FraudFraud or dishonesty or cheating is not synonymous with truth, and the same with the sly, though no similar right. Cheating or fraud that is what is wanted is not in accordance with conscience or days, that person is fraudulent intent of his heart was with the intention of obtaining profit without the energy and effort. Cheating causes people to be greedy, greedy, wanting to hoard excessive wealth in order to be regarded as the most powerful, most wealthy, and happy life when people around him suffer. Bermacammacam cause people to commit fraud. Judging from the human relationship with the natural surroundings, there are four aspects: economic aspects, cultural aspects, and aspects of the technical aspects of civilization. If the fourth asepk implemented fairly, then everything will go according to the norms of moral or legal norms. However, whenman in her life has encroached on greed, envy, jealousy, then humans would do anything in violation of these norms and be a fraud.VindicationA good name is the ultimate goal of life. A good name is a name that is not dishonorable. Everyone menajaga carefully to his name either. The more so if he becomes a role model for people / neighbors nearby is a pride of mind is priceless. Maintenance of a good name is closely connected with the behavior or actions. Or can be said good or not good bama is the behavior or actions. The meaning of the behavior and actions that, among other ways-language, how to get along, courtesy, self-discipline, how to deal with people, the lawful acts of religion and so forth. In effect the vindication of human consciousness is the fault of all, that what they did not fit the size of a moral or not in accordance with good ahlak. To restore the good name of the man must repent or apologize. Repent and apologize not only dibibir, but need to behave like a polite, friendly, do Dharma by giving kepaa virtue and help others that need to be helped to live lovingly, without pamrin, piety towards God and has a willing attitude, tawakal, honest, fair and nobility always cultivated.RetaliationVengeance is a reaction to the acts of others. The reaction was similar to a deed, deed of a balanced, similar behavior, the behavior of the balance. Retaliation due to the association. Friendly association received a friendly reply. Instead yagn association raises suspicion that children are not friendly. Basically, humans are moral beings and social beings. In associating humans must comply with the norms to make it moral. When humans do immoral, environment was causing it. Is intrinsically immoral acts that violate or rape of human rights and duties. Therefore man does not want the rights and obligations are violated or raped, the man tried to defend the rights and obligations. Maintain the rights and obligations it is retaliation.Human and JusticeStudents can understand and know about different kinds of justice, social justice, honesty, cheating and the fact that there is in life and its relation to human• Students can explain the sense of justice• Students can explain the meaning of justice• Students can cite all kinds of justice• Students can explain the sense of honesty• Students can explain the nature of honesty• Students can explain the sense of cheating• Students can cite the reasons people commit fraud• Students can cite a variety of calculations and retaliation• Students can explain the notion of a good name• Students may mention the nature of vindication• Students can explain the notion of retaliation• Students may mention the cause of retaliation• Students can write an example of retaliationDefinition of JusticeJustice according to Aristotle is proper in human action. Eligibility is defined as the midpoint between the two extremes of too much and too little. Both of these extremes involves two people or objects. When the two men have in common in a predetermined size, then each person should obtain the same object or result, if not equal, then the individual - each person will receive a part that is not the same, while the proportion terjadap violations are called unfair. Keaadilan by Plato projected on human beings that are said to be fair is the one who controls himself and his feelings are controlled by reason. Socrates project on the administration of justice. According to Socrates, justice will be created when citizens feel that the government has been doing a good job. Why are projected to the government? government is the principal cause that determines the dynamic leadership of the community. Confucius argues that justice occurs when a child as a child, when his father as a father, when the king as king, each of which has been carrying out its obligations. This opinion is limited to certain values that are believed or agreed upon. In the opinion of the more common it is said that justice is the recognition and the fate of the balance between the rights and obligations. Justice lies in the harmony of demanding their rights and obligations. Or in other words, justice is a state where everyone is getting what is rightfully his and everyone getting the same piece of property together.Various Justice4. Justice legal or moral justice Plato argues that justice and the common law is the spiritual substance of the people who make and become unity. In a just society every person performing work according to its nature best suited to him (the man behind the gun). Plato's opinion called moral justice, while the others are called legal justice5. Aristotele distributive justice argue that justice will be done when the same things are treated equally and not things that are not treated the same as (justice is done when equels are treated equally).6. Commutative justice Justice aims to maintain public order and welfare umum.Bagi Aristotle's notion of justice is a principle of coherence and order in society. All actions are patterned extremes make the injustice and damage or even destroy the coherence in the communityHonestyHonest or dishonest means anything that is said to someone according to his conscience, what is said to correspond to reality. Was the fact that it is the fact that there really exists. Honest also means someone clean his heart from the acts prohibited by religion and law. For that one word and deed is required, which means that what is said to be the same with his actions. Because it's honest means or ability to fulfill the promise attached through words or which are contained in the form of conscience will, expectations and intentions.FraudFraud or dishonesty or cheating is not synonymous with truth, and the same with the sly, though no similar right. Cheating or fraud that is what is wanted is not in accordance with conscience or days, that person is fraudulent intent of his heart was with the intention of obtaining profit without the energy and effort. Cheating causes people to be greedy, greedy, wanting to hoard excessive wealth in order to be regarded as the most powerful, most wealthy, and happy life when people around him suffer. Bermacammacamcause people to commit fraud. Judging from the human relationship with the natural surroundings, there are four aspects: economic aspects, cultural aspects, and aspects of the technical aspects of civilization. If the fourth asepk implemented fairly, then everything will go according to the norms of moral or legal norms. However, whenman in her life has encroached on greed, envy, jealousy, then humans would do anything in violation of these norms and be a fraud.VindicationA good name is the ultimate goal of life. A good name is a name that is not dishonorable. Everyone menajaga carefully to his name either. The more so if he becomes a role model for people / neighbors nearby is a pride of mind is priceless. Maintenance of a good name is closely connected with the behavior or actions. Or can be said good or not good bama is the behavior or actions. The meaning of the behavior and actions that, among other ways-language, how to get along, courtesy, self-discipline, how to deal with people, perbuatn lawful acts of religion and so forth. In effect the vindication of human consciousness is the fault of all, that what they did not fit the size of a moral or not in accordance with good ahlak. To restore the good name of the man must repent or apologize. Repent and apologize for notdibibir only, but should behave polite, friendly, do Dharma by giving kepaa virtue and help others that need to be helped to live lovingly, without pamrin, piety towards God and has a willing attitude, tawakal, honest, fair and nobility always fostered.RetaliationVengeance is a reaction to the acts of others. The reaction was similar to a deed, deed of a balanced, similar behavior, the behavior of the balance. Retaliation due to the association. Friendly association received a friendly reply. Instead yagn association raises suspicion that children are not friendly. Basically, humans are moral beings and social beings. In associating humans must comply with the norms to make it moral. When humans do immoral, environment was causing it. Is intrinsically immoral acts that violate or rape of human rights and duties. Therefore man does not want the rights and obligations are violated or raped, the man tried to defend the rights and obligations. Maintain the rights and obligations it is retaliation.Human Life and viewsMahsiswa can grasp and understand the philosophy of life, ideals, virtues, beliefs, effort or struggle, step-by-step view of life and its relation to human in his lifeSense view of life and ideology:• Students can explain the sense view of life• Students can cite a variety of sources worldview• Students can explain the Muslim view of life• Students can explain the notion of ideology• Students can explain the notion of the ideal• Students can explain the notion of virtue• Students can explain the meaning of virtue• Students can cite the factors that determine a person's behavior• Students can explain the sense of effort / struggle• Students can name three schools of philosophy• Students can explain the sense of confidence or trust• Students may mention the steps of the view that a good lifeSense view of lifeEvery human being has a way of life. View of life that is natural because it determines one's future. Opinion or view of life means to hold on judgment, guidelines, directives, instructions living in the world. Opinion or judgment that is the result of human thinking is based on the experience of history according to time and place of his life. Thus arose the view that life is not immediately or within a short time only, but through a process of time and continuously, so the ideas can be tested in reality. The ideas would be accepted by the mind, so that recognized the truth. On the basis of the ideas that people receive it as a handle, guidelines, directives, or instructions called outlook on life. View of life based on the origin and consists of three kinds:A. View of life which comes from the religious view of life is the absolute truth2. View of life in the form of ideology that are tailored to the culture and norms contained in a State3. Reflections worldview that is relatively true view of life.If the world view was accepted by a group of people as supporters of an organization, then it is called ideology panandangan life. Outlook on life has basically elements are: the ideals, virtues, business, faith / belief. Ideals is what is desired may be achieved with effort or struggle. Goals to be achieved is virtue, that is all the good things that make people prosperous, happy, peaceful, serene. Effort or struggle is hard work that is based on faith / belief. Confidence / trust is measured by one's thinking, the ability jasmana, and belief in God.AspirationAccording to the Indonesian general dictionary goals are desires, hopes, goals always in mind. Good wishes, hopes, and goals are what one would obtain in the future. Thus the goal is the future outlook, an outlook on life that will come. In general,Such ideals are linear line is higher and higher, in other words: the ideal is the desire, hope, and destiny of man is the higher level. If these ideals are not possible or may not be fulfilled, then the dream is called wishful thinking. Here the requirements and capabilities are not / have not been met so that the effort to realize the ideals it is not possible. Between the present which is a reality that will come with time as the ideas or ideals there is a time gap. Get someone to achieve what it wanted ideally depends on three factors: first the human factor that has goals, both the conditions encountered during achieved what it wanted and the third reflecting how high the ideals to be achieved.VirtueVirtue or the good or the good deeds that essentially the same as moral acts, deeds yagn accordance with the norms of religion and ethics. Humans do good, because according to human nature is good, being moral. The instigation of the human conscience tend to do well .. BeingsPersonally, manuda can decide for themselves what is good and what is bad. Good and bad are determined by the conscience. Conscience is a kind of an urgent whisper in one's heart, to weigh and determine the merits of a deed, action or behavior. So the conscience be a hakin for yourself. Conscience is always a good pick, because he always urged people to do good for himself. Therefore, if someone do something in accordance with the promptings of his heart, then that person must have good deeds. So, do and act according to conscience, then it is good. So good or bad it is seen by his own conscience. Yet to be assessed and measured by a general or opinion. So virtue is an act which according to our conscience, the conscience of society and the law of God. Real human virtues and can be felt in his behavior, because behavior rooted in a view of life, everyone has their own behavior, so that the behavior of every person is different. Factors that affect a person's behavior are: factor traits, environmental factors and experiences.Effort / struggleEffort / struggle is hard work to make dreams come true. Hard work it can be done with the brain / science or primarily to power / body, or with both. Basically hard work and increase the value of human dignity. To work hard man is limited by the ability, because of limited capacity arise differences of wealth between one man and another man.faith / belief.Confidence / trust on which the view of life comes from the sense or the power of God. According Prof.Dr.Harun Nasution, there are three schools of philosophy that is• The flow of naturalism; human life is associated with supernatural powers who are the ultimate power. The supernatural powers of nature, and it is from God. But that does not believe in God, that's the highest nature. Naturalism stream contains speculation there may be God may not exist• The flow of intellectualism; basic flow is the logic / reason. Priority to human reason. With a sense of human thought, which is right in that's a good reason, though contrary to the power of conscience. Humans are confident that with the power of think the (sense) virtues can be achieved successfully. With a sense created the technology, technology is a tool to achieve the maximum good, although the technology may give a result that defies common. If the flow is associated with a philosophy of life, the belief that stems from the common man. So this view of life based on the belief that truth was accepted akal.Benar according to good sense. Humans believe that virtue can only be obtained with reasonable (science and technology). View of life is called liberalism. Freedom of reasonable cause of freedom to behave and act, even though his actions lakudan behavior is contrary to conscience. Freedom of mind is more emphasis on the individual. Therefore, individuals of normal intelligence (knowledgeable and technologically) can master the thinking of individuals is low (stupid)• the combined flow. This basic flow idalah supernatural powers as well as resourceful. Supernatural powers that is the strength that comes from God, believe in God as the basis for conviction. While the reason is the basis of culture, which determines whether or not anything. Everything is judged by reason, either as logical thinking as well as a sense (conscience). So what is right according to the logic of thinking is also acceptable to the conscience. Apabial flow is associated with a philosophy of life, it will timbil two possible view of life. If the conviction is more heavily based on logical thinking, while the subordinated conscience, supernatural power of God's existence is recognized but not decisive, logical thinking and logical thinking is not emphasized in the individual, but the logic of collective thinking (the community), this worldview is called socialism. If the belief that supernatural powers of God and reason, both the underlying belief in a balanced way, as our good will in the sense of logical thinking as well as the sense (conscience), logical thinking individually and collectively is called socialism panangan life-religious . Virtue is virtue according to the desired logical thinking and acceptable to the conscience, it's all thanks to the grace of God.The steps of the view that a good life:A. know2. understand3. appreciate4. believes5. serve6. secureHuman and ResponsibilitiesStudents can comprehend and understand the responsibilities, all kinds of responsibility, devotion or sacrifice, as well as the relation of human dennganin life• Students can explain the responsibilities pngertian• Students can explain the meaning of responsibility• Students may mention the types of responsibilities• Students can write an example of each type of responsibility• Students can explain the sense of devotion• Students can define which types of service• Students can write an example of dedication in the daily kehiidupan• Students can explain the meaning of sacrifice• Students can cite all kinds of sacrifice• Students may mention the result of the sacrifices• Students can write an example of sacrificeResponsibilityTanggungjawb is the state ought to bear everything. So the responsibility is the obligation to bear, bear the responsibility, to bear everything, or give an answer and suffer the consequences. Responsibility is the consciousness of man's behavior or actions are intentional or unintentional. Responsibility also means doing his duty as a manifestation of consciousness. Someone willing to be responsible because there is consciousness or awareness or understanding for any actions and consequences and the interests of others. The emergence of that responsibility because human social life and living in a natural environment. Responsibility it is natural, that had been part of human life, that every human being must be burdened with responsibility. If he did not want to be responsible, then there will be another pihalforcing that responsibility. Thus it can be seen from the responsibilities of the two sides, ie from the side of the act and of the interests of other parties. From the makers should be aware of the consequences his actions were, so he himself is also a need to restore in good condition. Daari the other hand, if the maker does not want responsibility, others will recover either by individual or by society. When examined, it is an obligation or responsibility for the burden to be shouldered or discharged as a result of an act pebuatan party, or as a result of the actions of others, or as a service to others. Liabilities or expenses it is intended for the good of those who do own or others with balance, harmony harmony between human beings, between humans and the environment, between man and God is alwaysproperly maintained. That responsibility cirri civilized man (cultured). People felt responsible because he was aware of the consequences good or bad deeds, and realize also that the other party requires devotion or sacrifice. To acquire or improve kesadaan responsible effort to be implemented through education, counseling, exemplary, and piety towards God. Types of Responsibility:A. Responsibility for oneself2. Responsibility of the Family3. Responsibility to the community4. Responsibility to the nation / state5. Responsibility to GodDevotion and SacrificeResponsibility is also a form of devotion and sacrifice. Pegorbanan is devotion and good deeds for the sake of the man himself. Devotion is a good deed in the form of thoughts, opinions, or power as the embodiment of loyalty, love mercy, norms, or a bundle of all this is done with sincerity. Devotion in itself is a sense tanggungjaab. When people work hard all day to reach the requirement, it is meant to serve keapada family. Humans do not exist by itself, but it is a creature of God's creation. As God's creation man must serve God. Devotion means surrendering completely to uhan, and is a manifestation of God kepad responsibility. The sacrifice comes from the victim or the victim, which means the offering, so the sacrifice berarati administration to declare the service. Thus the sacrifice that is the service that contains keikhalasan yangtidak menganadung strings attached. An administration that is based on sincere moral consciousness alone. Difference between devotion and sacrifice is not so clear. Because of the devotion there must be sacrifice. Among fellow comrades devotion is hard to say because the word implies a lower service level, but to the word sacrifice can also be applied kepaa fellow friends ..Sacrifice is a result of the dedication. Sacrifice can be a treasure, thoughts and feelings, even his soul may well be. Sacrifice willingly handed over unconditionally, without any agreement, without any transaction, sja when necessary. Dedication over many point to the act of sacrifice, while morerefers to granting such a thought, feeling, power, cost. In the service has always demanded sacrifice, but sacrifice is not necessarily demanding devotion.Human and AnxietyStudents can understand and know about different kinds of anxiety, causes of kelisa, alienation, loneliness, and the efforts to overcomeanxiety / uncertainty and its relation to human in his lifeUnderstanding anxiety• Students can explain the meaning of anxiety• Students can mention three kinds of anxiety that afflicts the human• Students may mention the causes of the gelisa• Students may mention the efforts to overcome anxiety• Students can explain the sense of alienation• Students can explain penngertian lonely• Students can mention three kinds of causes of loneliness• Students can explain the sense of uncertainty• Various kinds of causes of uncertainty• Students can cite efforts to cope with uncertaintyDefinition of AnxietyAnxiety comes from the word nervous, which means not peaceful heart, kwatir always felt uneasy, impatient, anxious. So that anxiety is a thing that describes a person is not peaceful heart and his actions, feeling kwatir, uneasy in his behavior, or the impatient anxiety. Anxiety symptoms can only be known from the behavior or gestures situai someone in particular. Anxiety is one of the expressions of anxiety. Therefore, in the everyday sense of anxiety also mean anxiety, or fear kekwatiran. Masalh anxiety or anxiety associated also with a frustrating problem, which by definitionmay be mentioned, that someone was frustrated because not achieved the desired pa. Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis expert opinion, that there are three kinds of anxiety that afflicts human anxiety is the fact (objective), anxiety neorotik and moral anxiety.v Anxiety objective is an experience of feeling as a result of observation or a danger in the outside world. Danger is the attitude of a person's state of the environment that threaten harm separately. Experience the danger and the onset of the innate nature of anxiety may, in the sense of the word, that a person inherits a tendency to menjadia afraid that if she is close to certain objects in a particular state of the environment ..v Anxiety neorotis observations about the dangers arising from the instinctive According to Sigmund Freud anxiety is divided into three kinds, namely: anxiety arising from the adjustment to the environment, form an irrational fear (phobia) and fear of others because of nervousness, stuttering and sebaganya.v Anxiety caused by personal morale. Each person has a wide = range of other atnra emotions: envy, jealousy, anger, anxiety, love, a sense of lack. All that is part of the overall individual statements based on the concept that less healthy. Such attitudes often make people feel kwatir, anxious, afraid and desperate.When examined the causes of the anxiety is due to essentially the fear of losing their rights. It was the result of a threat, a threat both from within and from outside. This anxiety is first started from ourselves, that we must be calm. With a calm demeanor we can think calmly, so that alldifficulties can be overcome.AlienationAlienation is derived from alienation, and that word is from the word alien. Foreign word means itself, is not known, so the word means alienated, marginalized from society, separated from the others, or remote. So alienated word means things relating to excluded from pegaulan, isolated or separated from the others. Alienation is part of human life. A minute or longer, people have had to live in isolation of course, with different causes and levels of each other. What causes people to be in alienation is behavior that is notacceptable or not can be justified by the public, or the lack of aa in a person, so he can TIDA or difficult to adjust in society.LonelyLoneliness comes from the word meaning quiet or deserted, desolate, so lonely word means feeling lonely or deserted, not friends. Everyone has experienced loneliness, the loneliness of human life. The loneliness of the long bergangung the people and cases of mental causes. Various causes of loneliness, frustration can lead to loneliness. So lonely was the result of alienation. Alienation due to arrogance, arrogant, rigid, stubborn, so shunned sepergaulannya friends.UncertaintyUncertainty comes from the uncertain meaning is uncertain, can not be determined, do not know, without a clear direction, without a clear origin. Uncertainty means that certain circumstances, not necessarily, can not be determined, do not know, a state with no clear direction, a state without a clear origin of it all is distracted from his thoughts. The lack konsentrasian caused by various reasons, a clear mind chaotic. Some reasons people may not think is uncertain:A. obsession2. phobia3. kompulasi4. Hysteria5. delusions6. hallucinations7. emotional stateTo be able to cure it depends on the mental state of the patient. If the cause is unknown, the possibility also can not be cured. When that happens, then the best way for people to go out alone to a psychologist.Man and HopeStudents can comprehend and understand the expectations, because the man possessed of hope, prayer, faith and efforts to increase trust andin relation to human life• Students can explain pengeertian expectations• Students can mention equality of hope and dreams• able to mention the cause of human MahMahasiswa have hope• Students can explain the sense of trust• Students can name three theories of truth• Students can distinguish four beliefs• Students may mention the human effort to improve trust in the LordHopeEvery man has a hope. Humans are no expectations mean that the human heart in life. People who will die even have hope, usually in the form of messages to his heir. Expectations depend on the knowledge, engalaman, environment and capabilities of each. Success or failure depends on the expectations of business people who have hope. Expectations should be based on trust, good self-confidence, and belief in one almighty God. In order expectations materialize, it is necessary to the business in earnest. When compared with the ideals, the hopes of containing the sense of not too high, while the ideals generally have high bintar. Between expectations and ideals contained in common: both are related to the future because it has not materialized, in general with the ideals and hopes of people want a better or improved. By nature man is a social creature. Each was born into the world immediately greeted in a social life, namely in the middle of a family and community members. There are two things that drive people to lives of other human interactions that drive needs a boost of nature and life. According to Maslow in accordance with the nature and urge that the needs of human life without hope. In effect the hope that is the desire to make ends meet. In accordance with the expectations of human nature or human needs are:A. kelansungan life2. security3. rights and obligations to love and be loved4. recognized environmentalSources: http://massofa.wordpress.comhttp://www.google
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